Social Media in a Crisis Situation

Question: Discuss about the Critical Analysis of Use of Social Media in a Critical Situation. Answer: Introduction In the growing complexities and advancements of the business communication, the use of social media will be effective for a business organization to improve the way of communication at the time of emergencies or crisis situations. The social media communication tools enhance the collectivity, clarity, connectedness, completeness, and collaboration of the business communication for managing the complexities of the communication in the critical situations. This essay will provide a detailed understanding of the critical analysis of the use of social media in the crisis situations (Belford, 2014). This will describe the topic of the use of social media in crisis by analyzing the use of the social media as a best communication means in crisis, the involvement of social media in the business plan, and the way of using the social media in influencing the communication in both positive and negative ways in the critical situations. This will analyze my role, responsibility, and creative thin king to handle the complex situation to communicate with the boss regarding the man enters my premises with a weapon in the absence of my boss. Social Media as an Effective Communication Medium in Crisis or Emergency The use of the social media networking sites or tools (Facebook, e-mails, Yahoo, Twitter, LinkedIn, Pinterest, Instagram, WhatsApp, and Blogs) will develop a broad understanding of the conceptual, strategic, and practical implications of the communication and relevance of communication at the time of emergencies or crisis situations within the workplace in the organization. The social media involves social networks (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Pinterest, LinkedIn, WhatsApp) and blogs, Bookmarking sites (delicious.com, reditt.com, and dig.com), Collaborative projects (e.g. Wikipeadia), Content communities (e.g. You Tube and Flickr), and special reviews (e.g. Google Places or Adwords). The use of social media will assist in content sharing and communication through the social networks and blogs, tag and share content through the bookmarking sites, collaborative projects through the user generated content (e.g. Wikipedia), sharing contents, such as photos or images, and videos through the content communities, such as YouTube, Flickr, and sharing personalized formation and providing recommendations by using the social reviews (Benedict, 2014). At the crisis moments, the social media provides four functions including information dissemination, disaster or emergency planning, collaborative problem-solving and decision-making and information gathering or accessing. The information is mapped onto three phases of crisis or emergency management including preparedness, response, and recovery to describe how the social media tools may be used to enhance the effectiveness of the crisis communications. The social media is an effective communication way to interact with anyone because the mostly people are connected and spends their most of the time regularly on the social media, such as Facebook, whatsApp, and twitter to communicate with family members, friends/colleagues, relatives, and office staff members (Benedict, 2014). The communication through the social media may be in form of emails, intranets, blogs, videos, displays, newsletters, and other various forms of communication to communicate about the crisis situations or critical events. Crisis or emergency management is a critical organizational function that will include the contingent planning and dynamic incident response to the crisis situations by using the online discussion platforms, news aggregators for disseminating, acquiring, and analyzing information more comprehensively and efficiently. The social media sites have the strong ability to prevent crisis from spiraling out of control to aggravate the unfolding crisis situation (Chan, 2016). For example, the UK riot in 2011 was a case of the influence of social media questioning the small protest against the apparent police brutality in Tottenham that could spark vandalism and riots. The social media played a role of catalyst as the rioters and onlookers used social media networking sites to organize and communicate the numerous new reports. During the crisis, the social media tools could be used as effective means of communication because the social media is the most critical channel at the time of emergencies or crisis for creating the real-time and rapid communication in such contingent conditions. The social media will be an effective communication medium that will assist me in taking the rapid and urgent decisions at the time of crisis or emergencies. This will assist me in sharing information with my boss and subordinates for the regular updates of the current situations, freedom of decision-making, and getting online information for handling the complex situation of crisis (Chawala, 2016). The social media communication will have a degree of control on my decision-making and action in the crisis by making the shared decision after communicating with my boss through the social media chatting. This social media will provide me a platform to connect with the organizational members as well as outsider people by using the multiple forms of social media channels. This will assist me to understand the feelings, emotions, perceptions, and values of others and to make ethical judgment for the organizational welfare and growth. It will assist in resolving the organizational conflicts and inter-organizational problems by encouraging more communication among the staff members within the organization. The social media will assist me to take the real-time and accurate decisions at the time of emergencies or contingent situations for responding rapidly to the situation by reducing the communication appreciation (Dijck, 2013). By using the social media forms, I will discuss the critical situation with my boss about the man entering with weapon or gun and causing for huge terror at the organization that may disturb the functioning of the operations and activities in the organization. The organizational staff members are feared with this sudden attack by an outsider man. I am also shocked from this sudden unfavorable criminal moment. In such contingent, situation, the use of social media will be an effective communication medium to get the real-time assistance by communicating this situation with my boss and to get the suggestion or advice on how to handle this critical situation and provide me an appropriate solution so that I could arrive at right decision in this crisis situation. By using the social media networking sites, such as WhatsApp, Twitter, Instagram or video calling, I will be able to get the immediate response from my boss in such critical situation. I will be able to send the digital post or video of the current scenario of this crisis with my boss. I may also tweet about the current situation on the twitter that will assist me in getting the quick response from my boss with a recommendation solution on handling such situation by using the experien ces of my boss (Dutta, 2013). I may also use WhatsApp video calling to create the two-way dialogue with my boss in order to represent the actual scenario of the current situation at the organization so that my boss could be introduce with the actual condition and will give appropriate guidance to me for taking immediate decision and action on the unfavorable activity or sudden attack from the man with a gun. Social Media as a business communication plan According to me, the social media should be considered in the business communication plan that will improve the communication among the organizational members to share the latest business updates, information, and data related to the relevant industry. By using the social media tools, it will be easy for the senior management to communicate the organizational vision, mission, goals, objectives, values, and strategies with the organizational members. The social media sites will also be effective to give information of the changes in the product quality, the schedule of company meetings, seminars, events, and timing of shifting, training and development programs to the employees (Guffey and Loewy, 2014). The social media will be an effective medium of communicating with the customers about the branded products and services and collecting their feedbacks on the existing products and service quality so that further changes could be made in the product development and manufacturing operat ions in order to produce the high quality and value-added products. The social media will provide a fast and effective communication medium to communicate the business plan with the team members. The social media networking sites will provide the latest and relevant data of the changing customers needs, preferences, and expectations for serving them effectively by making changes in the products and services as per their feedbacks. The social media sites provide an opportunity for engaging and interacting with the people in the emergencies or crises by disseminating the information to them and accessing information from them in the form of messages, text, videos, images, digital posts, newsfeeds, or other forms or ways of communication for sharing the information with them (Lach, 2016). The social media will provide the timely and regular updates on the current industry trends and fluctuating environment conditions related to the industry. For example, the MNCs, like Burberry, Tesco, Nestle, and Coca Cola use social media an effective promotional tool to promote the products and services of their brands through the digital marketing posts and conveying the promotional message to the targeted audiences in order to create the high brand awareness and customer loyalty toward the branded products of the company (Lovink, 2016). Ways to respond the crisis by using social media to influence communication in both positive and negative way During emergency events or crisis situations, such as terrorism attacks, earthquake or hurricane, storms or floods and sudden incidents or unfavorable happenings, the individuals are exposed to share the real-time and large amount of information with the people with whom he/she is likely to interact. The Facebook, Twitter, blogs, Youtube, LinkedIn, Netlong, and Google+ may be useful to handle the crisis situations in order to take quick and right decisions. Twitter and Facebook are mostly used by the companies to tweet for communicating with the customers regarding the product quality, service delivery, and pricing of the products (Richards and StudioD, 2015). For example, Southwest Flight 345 that landed nose first at LaGuardia is an example of the use of social media in the crisis situation that helped in getting quick response, holding open communication, and maintaining good faith with its customers. Southwest used the social media in the form of Facebook and Twitter for getting the immediate response from the customer with the statements and information. The social media create benefits to the businesses by promoting the companys products through the digital communication campaign or communicating the promotional message with the targeted audiences to attract the customers toward the branded products and services by creating the high brand awareness and loyalty in the mindsets of the customers. The social media will create the crisis communications in the positive way by ensuring the speed, interaction, engagement, and authenticity, control of message, visibility, transparency, boundaries, crisis facilitation and triggers (White, 2016). The social media in the crisis will assist to get immediate response, active listening to the targeted audiences or desired people, building two-way dialogue, being accountable, reacting to the situation, being open, honest, transparent, and credible, being compassionate and authentic, and creating video communication by using the video technologies. Despite of numerous benefits of using social media, the exploitation of social media via information technologies may create several issues, such as informational ethics, individual liberties, public safety, and consequence of misuse. Sometimes, the use of social media may result into the negative publicity by creating the negative image of the brand into the public or targeted audiences because some people are not likely to give more preferences to the social media advertisements. The use of social media may cause for the weak or ineffective communication with the targeted customers (Schwarz, Seeger, and Auer, 2016). The social media communication may also cause for the poor decision-making because the immediate decisions can also create complexities rather than handling the crisis situations because the rapid communication and quick decisions could be against the welfare of the businesses. The social media marketing could lead to weak sales performance because of the negative responses from the customers toward the companys products and services. The involvement of social media in the business plan as a promotional tool and communication medium may also involve the risks and uncertainties (Simon, Goldberg, and Adini, 2015). The information shared through the social media communication may also be exposed to the general public that will lose the confidence of the people. Sometimes, the confidential or secret information could be open in public before the audiences. The social media may create the negative impact on the brand image through spreading of misinformation. Conclusion From the above discussions on the essay, it can be stated that the online communication through the use of social media is faster than the traditional forms of communication. The video communication technologies also create video communication by using the social media tool, whats-app video calling. The social media will create an effective two-way communication with my boss to communicate about the crisis of the current scenario for taking immediate decision and action on this crisis situation. The social media will create a sense of communication and level of trust and loyalty among the targeted audiences or customers. The social media communication will create two-way diagonal communication for responding fast to the crisis situation, evading responsibility, reducing offensiveness, minimization and denial, preparedness for the quick decision-making and taking corrective action. References Belford, B. (2014). How to Respond to a Social Media Crisis. [Online]. Available at: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/defend-your-social-media-reputation/. (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Benedict, P. L. (2014). A Critical Synthesis and Thematic Analysis of the Use of Social Media in Higher Education Marketing. USA: Tarleton State University. Brown, J. (2015). Is Social Media the Key to Effective Communication During Campus Emergencies? [Online]. Available at: https://www.govtech.com/em/disaster/Social-Media-Communication-Campus-Emergencies.html. (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Chan, C. J. (2016). THE ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN CRISIS PREPAREDNESS, RESPONSE AND RECOVERY. [Online]. Available at: https://www.oecd.org/governance/risk/The%20role%20of%20Social%20media%20in%20crisis%20preparedness,%20response%20and%20recovery.pdf. (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Chawla, A. (2016). Managing the Madness: The Role of Social Media in a Crisis. [Online]. Available at: https://www.govtech.com/videos/Managing-the-Madness-The-Role-of-Social-Media-in-a-Crisis.html. (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Dijck, V. J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. New York: Oxford University Press. Dutta, S. (2013). BUSINESS COMMUNICATION. Australia: PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. Fuchs, C. (2017). Social Media: A Critical Introduction. Canada: Sage Publication. Guffey, E. M. and Loewy, D. (2014). Business Communication: Process and Product. USA: Cengage Learning. Lach, A. (2016). The Four Rules of Managing Crisis on Social Media. [Online]. Available at: https://www.piercom.com/insight/4-rules-managing-crisis-social-media/. (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Lovink, G. (2016). Social Media Abyss: Critical Internet Cultures and the Force of Negation. USA: John Wiley Sons. Richards, L. and StudioD (2015). Effective Business Communication Methods. [Online]. Available at: https://www.tutorialspoint.com/management_concepts/communication_methods.htm. (Accessed: 11 April 2017). Schwarz, A., Seeger, W. M., and Auer, C. (2016). The Handbook of International Crisis Communication Research. USA: John Wiley Sons. Simon, T., Goldberg, A., and Adini, B. (2015). Socializing in emergenciesA review of the use of social media in emergency situations International Journal of Information Management, Vol. 35(5), pp. 609-619. White, M. C. (2016). Social Media, Crisis Communication, and Emergency Management: Leveraging Web 2.0 Technologies. Australia: CRC Press.

How to Choose Nursing As a Career Essay Sample

How to Choose Nursing As a Career Essay SampleYou can find a lot of great tips on choosing nursing as a career essay sample in books or internet. And that is just one of the ways to find information online. You will find plenty of other resources available on the internet.In some cases, you may want to hire a counselor to help you select your career, whether it is for work for personal reasons, or even your health. But, hiring a counselor is only a great option when you know exactly what you are looking for. If you have never worked in the medical field before, it is a good idea to seek counseling so that you can know what to expect and how you will perform in a certain situation.There are different steps you have to take to get into the medical profession. One of those steps is the four-step guide you will find out there. In fact, if you want to learn how to prepare for interviews, apply for a job, how to sell yourself, and how to study, then you will have to go through this process .Choosing a career is much more than going to school and taking the first job you get. You should be working toward having a career that is something that you enjoy and something that is satisfying. Once you decide what you want to do, the next step is choosing your specialty and course of study.The final step in choosing your specialty is picking a college where you can continue your education. This will help you determine what field of medicine you are going to be interested in. You will also be able to determine which area of study is best for you.If you are deciding on a career in the medical field, you can begin by reading books and articles that discuss different types of medical fields. You will also want to consider taking a course in order to get an idea of what you want to do with your life. These types of courses will give you a sense of what type of work experience is needed to advance.Choosing nursing as a career essay sample is very important. It will help you make the right decisions and help you be prepared for a challenging and rewarding career.

High Culture and Low Culture Disneyland Products

There is significant debate regarding the classification of works of art into two broad categories namely high and low culture. There are those who find it impractical to do so because they believe that diversity is a good thing (Applebombe, p.1). However, there are those who insist on clarifying the demarcation line to promote the creation of highly quality art forms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on High Culture and Low Culture: Disneyland Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The boundary that separates high and low culture may have been weakened in the 21st century especially when one considers the spectacular creations of the Disney brand. Nevertheless, it can be argued that in spite of its success Disney, specifically the products that are sold in Disneyland, this falls under the label of low culture. Before going any further it is imperative to define high culture versus low culture. According to one co mmentary, â€Å"High culture includes the fine arts, such as classical and contemporary visual arts, opera, classical music, and theater† (Hall, Grindstaff, Lo, p.368). Numerous examples come to mind such as the celebrated paintings of Leonardo da Vinci, Van Gogh, and Raphael. This also includes sculptors done by Michelangelo and music composed by Mozart. Last but not the least this category covers the high culture films produced in Europe before Hollywood took over. The author clarified the meaning of high culture by saying that it is: â€Å"art forms traditionally associated with the upper social classes †¦ stands in contrast to low or mass culture, which includes the popular arts produced by cultural industries and distributed to large audiences, and the folk arts, produced and consumed by people in local settings† (Hall, Grindstaff, Lo, p.368). The key term mentioned here pertains to the masses including the working class and the uneducated. The conventional definition of culture covers the following: information; values; practices; goods; and ideas classified under the arts – including literature, music, architecture, design and products of print and electronic media (Gans, p.5). However, this definition must also include other products such as furnishings, clothes, appliances, automobiles, and boats (Gans, p.5). It has to be made clear that â€Å"Most appliances are today treated as necessities, but their forms, styles, materials, and so on are also a matter of culture† (Gans, p.5). Culture pervades society whether it is high or low culture.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Going back to the definition of high culture one can say that this has something to do with class, income and education. The reason why liberal thinkers are not happy with these labels forced upon different types of art. But the discussion has to be kept alive because high culture is often inaccessible and difficult to both understand and appreciate. At the same time artists such as writers, filmmakers and builders of products are attracted to consumers of low culture because no matter how it is perceived culture is also shaped by economics. The Disney brand is known all over the world and at its center is Disneyland where the company showcases its various products. Although art critics say that these are all byproducts of low culture, the multi-billion dollar enterprise begs to reconsider the harsh judgments leveled against the company. Its theme parks are a major hit to children because â€Å"unlike the often hard-nosed, joyless reality of schooling, children’s films provide a high tech visual space where adventure and pleasure meet in a fantasy world of possibilities and a commercial sphere of consumerism and commodification† (Grioux, p.101). It is all about access and sharing. The success of Disneyland pro mpted many to reconsider if there is a possibility that the Disney brand has created something that is worthy of the high culture label. There are those who may agree to this assertion as seen in the following: â€Å"Disney’s first cartoons were imaginative, magical, and open-ended, without obvous points and with no fixed, logical order† (Wasko, p.111). However, this was short lived. The author added that this tradition ended in 1932 and as a result â€Å"there were more closed fantasies with distinct beginnings and usually happy endings †¦ the more structured story lines became moral tales with overt values represented† (Wasko, p.111). Nevertheless, it is important to consider that at some point Disney participated in the creation of something that can be considered as high culture. If there was indeed a time when Disney produced â€Å"high culture† type of products then it must be made clear that this happened before Disney became a global brand. B efore the 1930s Disney is credited to developing animation in the same way that silent films paved the way for color and sound in movies. An example would be the black and white cartoons of Mickey and Minnie. In the Disneyland of the 21st century everything is all about low culture. According to one critic â€Å"To many people, Disney is and will always be the quintessence of junk culture, less vulgar than Jerry Springer or the Fox network but still a greedy mass marketer of sanitized, shriveled entertainment† (Applebombe, p.1). Even Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs of 1937 is an example of low culture because it was created to cater to the masses.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on High Culture and Low Culture: Disneyland Products specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the present time the numerous types of products that are being sold in Disneyland theme parks falls under the category of low culture. The best examples are songs performed by pop icons such as Selena Gomez and Demi Lovato. The music of the movie Lion King may have been created using an orchestra but it cannot compete with the output of a Bach or a Beethoven. Movies like Pirates of the Caribbean and Tron Legacy may have multi-million dollar productions but it is mass marketed in such a way that it is easily accessible to masses and does not produce the same level of impact as the high culture films of an era long gone. Conclusion The distinction between high culture and low culture is needed in order to produce works of art that inspires and leads to greater achievements. This is the reason why products sold at Disneyland must be labeled as low culture. Without a doubt the Disney brand has created billions of dollars in revenue but without a clear distinction as to what constitutes low and high culture the world would be stuck with the creation of products solely for the purpose of profit and nothing more. The byproducts of high culture, such as Mozart’s music and Michelangelo’s sculptures still inspire. But a thousand years from now, Disneyland may be just a landmark. Works Cited Applebombe, Peter. â€Å"The Medici Behind Disney’s High Art.† The New York Times. Accessed from https://www.nytimes.com/1998/10/04/arts/the-medici-behind-disney-s-high-art.html Gans, Herbert. Popular Culture and High Culture: An Analysis and Evaluation of  Taste. New York: Basic Books, 1999. Giroux, Henry. Breaking in to the Movies: Film and the Culture of Politics. MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2002.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Hall, John, Laura Grindstaff, Ming-Cheng Lo. Handbook of Cultural Sociology. New York: Routledge, 2010. Wasko, Janet. Understanding Disney: The Manufacturer of Fantasy. MA: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. This essay on High Culture and Low Culture: Disneyland Products was written and submitted by user Ezekiel V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essays

English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essays English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essay English Final on connecting Waiting for Gadot Essay a drama, is preformed on a stage for a larger audience Reading a novel versus watching a play effects the audiences ways of seeing. This is something that John Berger questions throughout his text. His novel is based on the fact that seeing comes before words, however, once someone sees something they put what they see into words, and thats where the power is formed. A reader gets a completely different feel from a play versus a novel. Cavendish novel was a means for her to articulate her language in order to gain power. The use of the pronoun l occurred in the novel in reference to the author herself. The Empress insinuated that anyone is capable of creating a world of their own in which they hold the power, Cavendish stated this in her To the Reader section of the book, Although I have neither power time nor occasion to conquer the world have made a world of my own: for which no body, I hope, will blame me, since it is in every ones power to do the like (Cavendish 124). Cavendish uses this novel to show how much language articulates power. Unlike The Blazing World, a play in which the stage directions articulates power. The character that voiced power in this play was not even presented in the novel. This is very unique because it is not the persons direct language that articulated the power; it was the language and the actions of the other characters that articulated the power for Gadget. That is why dramatic texts are written in different formats. If this book were written as a novel, such as Blazing Worlds it would have has a total different effect. The audience needed to see how meaningless their language was. At the end of each act they said they were leaving verbally but did not move. This was something that the audience got to see and then felt how much power Gadget had over them. Estrogen: Well, shall we go? They do not move. (Becket 109 Act II) This line shows the main difference between a novel and a dramatic text. Reading a text can provoke an individual to view the language of who holds the power differently than being a member of a large audience in a theater. In conclusion language-articulating power differs significantly in The Blazing World and Waiting for Gadget. Waiting for Gadget established a world in which a character that never spoke held all the power due to how the two characters spoke of him; there language about him gave him the power. The Blazing World demonstrated a world in which she was language she made the people love her. Dramatic texts and novels can be understood differently based on the way it is preformed; explicitly regarding whom holds the power. Unlike Becket, Cavendish included her personal opinions and feelings to influence the reader alone. These factors play a vital role in the way the power of language is represented.

The Life of Leonardo Da Vinci Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Life of Leonardo Da Vinci - Essay Example These characterizations of Leonardo that originated in Vasari's Lives held particular significance for modern art. In the nineteenth-century atmosphere in which artists' training was based on the emulation of masters, Leonardo offered an alternative to the traditions represented by Raphael and Michelangelo particularly because he united art with science. From birth, Vasari's Leonardo is set apart from other artists, divinely endowed with supernatural gifts of beauty, grace, and talent; this last quality is evident in his mastery of all subjects he considered, made possible by his "mind of regal boldness and magnanimous daring" (Vasari 366). His wide-ranging intellect is a mixed blessing, a key to his success and to his undoing. Leonardo "would without doubt have made great progress in learning and knowledge of the sciences, had he not been so versatile and changeful, but the instability of his character caused him to undertake many things which having commenced he afterwards abandone d" (Vasari 366-367). Leonardo made rapid progress in arithmetic, though he confounded his teacher "by the perpetual doubts he started, and by the difficulty of the questions he proposed" (Vasari 367). A gifted musician, he improvised verses and music for the lute. "But, though dividing his attention among pursuits so varied, he never abandoned his drawing, and employed himself much in works of relief, that being the occupation which attracted him more than any other (Vasari 368)." His success in Verrocchio's workshop was based on his intelligence, especially his knowledge of geometry, a necessary skill for a painter. Ultimately, Vasari notes, the artist's abilities as a painter surpassed those of his master (Vasari 371). His talents were never limited to painting, though "as he had resolved to make painting his profession, he gave the larger portion of time to drawing from nature" (Vasari 368). Leonardo sketched architectural plans and designed entire buildings. He designed water-po wered mills, machines, and engines, and was the first to suggest that, by transforming the river Arno, a canal could link Pisa with Florence (Vasari 368). Leonardo, "frequently occupied with the construction of models and the preparation of designs for the removal or the perforation of mountains," also showed how to raise or draw great weights through levers, cranes, and screws (Vasari 369). He designed methods to clean and maintain ports and havens, and to obtain water from great depths. "From speculations of this kind he never gave himself rest," recording them on the pages of his notebooks (Vasari 369). Not all of his projects had such immediately recognizable application, however; he "wasted not a little time" intertwining cords like those he assembled to form the emblem of his academy (Vasari 369). Mental powers contributed to Leonardo's social and artistic success. "His memory also was always so ready and so efficient in the service of his intellect, that in discourse he won a ll men by his reasonings, and confounded every antagonist, however powerful, by the force of his arguments" (Vasari 368). He was so charismatic that, with a model or a drawing, Leonardo could convince a listener of the impossible. With his scheme for raising the Florentine

Self and Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Self and Society - Essay Example Each "healthy" society needs people capable of looking forward into the future and capable of showing us the path that leads outside the polluted atmosphere of intrigues of the group of the "little" people we all belong to. Namely, people who serve the truth and not the group or the public opinion are predecessors of the society who warn us of the dangers on our way to freedom. While the group is characterized with sluggishness and inertia, the individual is capable of rapid changes of his/her opinion towards the light that glows over the new facts and warns of new danger. However, those who serve the truth only, are rare and few. Many philosophers and famous writers have tried to find answers to these and similar questions concerning the individual versus society. Camus, Dostoyevsky, Kafka, Thoreau and Emerson are only a few of those who have tried to criticize the society they have lived in, to cynically laugh at and mock their own time, to warn of the dangers of the moral and ethical erosion they have been witnesses of. Knowing the characteristics of existentialism to which Camus belongs, it is understandable why in his short novel "The Stranger" Albert Camus criticizes the judicial system and depicts the irony of a case when a man is condemned for his indifference and avoidance of societal code. Mersault, the protagonist, is condemned not only by the judge but the spectators in the courtroom as well for something else, that is, his lack of emotional response at his mother's funeral, etc., other than the crime he committed (killing the Arab) and the sentence is for him to be decapitated in the name of many people whom he has never known or whom he will never meet. Mersault is forced to be the outsider when he wants to speak on his behalf. Mersault's story is the story of everyman. To Mersault (i.e. to Camus) life's only meaning is seen from the death point of view. According to Camus, people strive to make their lives meaningful in the face of God but it is absurd, because hope and faith are only p ointless measures constructed by each individual to provide purpose and avoid responsibility. Yet, Mersault is not a person who avoids responsibility for his deeds. On the contrary, he accepts responsibility for what he has done, changes into a person readers would like him to be, i.e. he shows that he is fully capable of feeling, he has emotions, he comes to terms with death, and gives a clear picture of what others are like - people hiding their true selves behind the veal of moral and societal code, when in fact they are nothing else but people full of hatred. "With death so near, Mother must have felt like someone on the brink of freedom, ready to start life all over again. It was as if that great rush of anger had washed me clean, emptied me of hope, and, gazing up at the dark sky spangled with its signs and stars, for the first time, the first, I laid my heart open to the benign indifference of the universe. To feel it so like myself, indeed, so brotherly, made me realize that I'd been happy, and that I was happy still. For all to be accomplished, for me to feel less lonely, all that remained to hope was that on the day of my execution there should be a huge crowd of spectators and that they should greet me with howls of execration" (Camus, "The Stranger", p.76). Does not hatred equal less than zero "Someone must have been telling lies about

Switched Mode Power Supply Engineering Essay

Switched Mode Power Supply Engineering Essay ABSTRACT Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) is the most prevailing architecture for DC power supply in modern systems, primarily for its capability to handle variable loads. Apart from efficiency the size and weight of the power supplies is becoming a great area of concern for the Power Supply Designers. In this thesis an AC to DC converter SMPS circuit, having a power MOSFET for switching operation and a PWM based Feedback circuit for driving the switching of the MOSFET, is designed and simulated in NI MULTISIM circuit design environment. Further the same circuit is Hardware implemented and tested using NI ELVIS Suite. In this design the line voltage at 220V/50Hz is taken as input, this voltage is stepped down, rectified and passed through filter capacitor to give an unregulated DC voltage. This unregulated voltage is chopped using a MOSFET switch, driven by PWM feedback signal, to control the output voltage level. An Isolation Transformer is used to isolate the DC output from input supply. The transformer output is again rectified by the high frequency Diode bridge rectifier and is filtered using a capacitor to give the regulated DC output. A Voltage regulator is connected to give the precise voltage output. The feedback network generates a high frequency PWM signal to drive the MOSFET switch. The dc voltage at the output depends on the width of the switching pulse. The pulse width is varied with the changes in the DC output voltage level, this change in the pulse width cancels the output voltage change and the SMPS output remains constant irrespective of load variations. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Power Electronics is the art of converting electrical energy from one form to another in an efficient, clean, compact, and robust manner for convenient utilisation. The never ending drive towards smaller and lighter product poses serious challenges for power supply designers. The aim of the project is to design, test and implement a switched mode power supply (SMPS) circuit for AC to DC conversion, having a power MOSFET for switching operation and a PWM based feedback circuit to drive the MOSFET switch using NI MULTISIM circuit design environment and NI ELVIS Breadboard. Figure1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM :: SMPS CHAPTER 2 THEORITICAL BACKGROUND 2. THERORITICAL BACKGROUND Power Supplies: A power supply is a component, subsystem, or system that converts electrical power from one form to another; commonly from alternating current (AC) utility power to direct current (DC) power. The proper operation of electronic devices ranging from personal computers to military equipment and industrial machinery depends on the performance and reliability of DC power supplies. Power supplies are circuits that generate a fixed or controllable magnitude dc voltage from the available form of input voltage. Integrated-circuit (IC) chips used in the electronic circuits need standard dc voltage of fixed magnitude. Many of these circuits need well-regulated dc supply for their proper operation. Even a commodity switch-mode power supply must be able to survive sudden peaks that far exceed its average operating levels. Engineers designing power supplies or the systems that use them need to understand their supplies behaviour under conditions ranging from quiescent to worst-case. Todays power supplies are driving to a level of efficiency never seen before, requiring design engineers to perform numerous specialized power measurements that are time-consuming and complex. The power supply is integral to virtually every type of line powered electronic product, and the switch-mode power supply (SMPS) has become the dominant architecture in digital computing, networking, and communications systems. A single switch-mode power supplys performance or its failure can affect the fate of a large, costly system. SMPS The prevailing DC power supply architecture in most modern systems is the Switch-Mode Power Supply (SMPS), which is known for its ability to handle changing loads efficiently. The power signal path of a typical SMPS includes passive, active, and magnetic components. The SMPS minimizes the use of lossy components such as resistors and linear-mode transistors, and emphasizes components that are (ideally) lossless: switch-mode transistors, capacitors, and magnetic. Like a linear power supply, the switched mode power supply too converts the available unregulated ac or dc input voltage to a regulated dc output voltage. However in case of SMPS with input supply drawn from the ac mains, the input voltage is first rectified and filtered using a capacitor at the rectifier output. The unregulated dc voltage across the capacitor is then fed to a high frequency dc-to-dc converter. Most of the dc-to-dc converters used in SMPS circuits have an intermediate high frequency ac conversion stage to facilitate the use of a high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and isolation. The high frequency transformer used in a SMPS circuit is much smaller in size and weight compared to the low frequency transformer of the linear power supply circuit. The Switched Mode Power Supply owes its name to the dc-to-dc switching converter for conversion from unregulated dc input voltage to regulated dc output voltage. The switch employed is turned ON and OFF (referred as switching) at a high frequency. During ON mode the switch is in saturation mode with negligible voltage drop across the collector and emitter terminals of the switch where as in OFF mode the switch is in cut-off mode with negligible current through the collector and emitter terminals. On the contrary the voltage-regulating switch, in a linear regulator circuit, always remains in the active region. Details of some popular SMPS circuits, with provisions for incorporating high frequency transformer for voltage scaling and isolation, have been discussed in next few lessons. In this lesson a simplified schematic switching arrangement is described that omits the transformer action. In fact there are several other switched mode dc-to-dc converter circuits that do not use a high frequency transformer. In such SMPS circuits the unregulated input dc voltage is fed to a high frequency voltage chopping circuit such that when the chopping circuit (often called dc to dc chopper) is in ON state, the unregulated voltage is applied to the output circuit that includes the load and some filtering circuit. When the chopper is in OFF state, zero magnitude of voltage is applied to the output side. The ON and OFF durations are suitably controlled such that the average dc voltage applied to the output circuit equals the desired magnitude of output voltage. The ratio of ON time to cycle time (ON + OFF time) is known as duty ratio of the chopper circuit. A high switching frequency (of the order of 100 KHz) and a fast control over the duty ratio results in application of the desired mean voltage along with ripple voltage of a very high frequency to the output side, consisting of a low pass filter circuit followed by the load. The high frequency ripple in voltage is effectively filtered using small values of filter capacitors and inductors. SMPS technology rests on power semiconductor switching devices such as Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET) and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBT). These devices offer fast switching times and are able to withstand erratic voltage spikes. Equally important, they dissipate very little power in either the On or Off states, achieving high efficiency with low heat dissipation. For the most part, the switching device determines the overall performance of an SMPS. Key measurements for switching devices include: switching loss, average power loss, safe operating area, and more. Choice of Topology There are several different topologies for the switched mode power supply circuits. Some popular ones are: Fly-back Forward Push-pull Half bridge Full-bridge A particular topology may be more suitable than others on the basis of one or more performance criterions like cost, efficiency, overall weight and size, output power, output regulation, voltage ripple etc. All the topologies listed above are capable of providing isolated voltages by incorporating a high frequency transformer in the circuit. Applications of SMPS To reduce cost, size and weight of a power supply. TVs, monitors, PCs, laptop and camcorder power packs, printers, fax machines, VCRs, portable CD players, microelectronics-based devices in automotive, computing, communications, consumer electronics, and industrial applications use SMPS. 2.5 PWM Concepts PWM or Pulse Width Modulation is the modulation technique where frequency and Amplitude of the pulse signal is not varied and the pulse width or the duty cycle is varied to encode the information. A common use of PWM is to control the average current or Voltage input to a device. In this project the PWM Signal is generated as feedback control signal for driving the switching of the MOSFET switch. The output Voltage is taken as the reference level. A sine wave is generated using LMH6622MA OPAMP and 555 Timer. This sine wave signal is compared with the reference voltage using LM311 comparator, and the pulse width of the PWM is determined by this comparison. This switching period determines the voltage at the output. Thus if there is any change at the output Voltage, the corresponding change in the PWM pulse width will nullify its effect and the output voltage will be restored to desired value. Figure2.1 PWM wave generation CHAPTER 3 ELECRONICS DESIGN TOOLS 3. ELECTRONICS DESIGN TOOL 3.1 NI MULTISIM NI Multisim  or formerly  MultiSIM  is an electronic  Schematic Capture  and simulation program which is part of a  suite  of circuit design programs, along with  NI Ultiboard. Multisim is one of the few circuit design programs to employ the original  BerkeleySPICE  based software simulation. MultiSIM was originally created by a company named  Electronics Workbench, which is now a subsidiary  of  National Instruments. Multisim includes a microcontroller simulation module called MultiMCU, as well as integrated import and export features to the  Printed Circuit Board  layout software in the suite, Ultiboard. Multisim is the chief competitor to  Cadence  OrCAD, another electronic schematic design and simulation software. 3.2 Features of MULTISIM You dont need to be a SPICE expert to design with Multisim. With an intuitive capture environment and an easy-to-use interface to industry-standard SPICE simulation, Multisim software can help you immediately begin designing and validating your PCBs. You can prevent costly prototype iterations and lost development time, as well as ensure quality with simulation and measurements earlier in your design flow. The Multisim product family (Base,  Full,  Power Pro) provides a complete set of tools for professional PCB designers: Intuitive design environment Modeless wiring and placement Interactive virtual measurement instruments to view simulation and real signals Circuit wizards for automatically generating commonly used circuitry Rubber banding on parts/moves Fast-retrieval parts bin Easy export to  NI Ultiboard  for layout Complex designs can be accomplished with advanced Multisim features from 24 sophisticated SPICE analyses to a comprehensive component library all the while taking advantage of an easy-to-use design environment. Designers can incorporate the latest parts using a custom component wizard. They can also use NI LabVIEW measurement software to introduce real measurements into simulation for rapidly prototyping and testing designs. More than 16,000 components, all with models ready for immediate simulation Device models from leading manufacturers such as Analog Devicesâ„ ¢ and Texas Instrumentsâ„ ¢ Easy addition of new parts and simulation models Comprehensive suite of analyses, including Monte Carlo and Worst Case 3.3 NI MULTISIM 11 Multisim and Ultiboard 11.0 introduce a number of new features and enhancements to make capturing designs, simulating behaviour, and defining board layout faster and easier. Feedback circuit of this project work was designed in NI MULTISIM 11 and rest of the circuit was imported from version 10 to 11 and then integrated in MULTISIM 11 for final simulation. 3.4 NI ELVIS The National Instruments Educational Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Suite(NI ELVIS) is a LABVIEW based-design and prototyping environment for Universities science and engineering laboratories. The NI ELVIS featuring an integrated suite of 12 instruments in one compact form factor is ideal for hands-on learning (http://www.ni.com/nielvis/). NI ELVIS is a primary component of the NI electronics education platform along with NI Multisim, the leading tool for SPICE simulation and schematic capture, and NI LabVIEW software. ( http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/7159) 3.5 Components of NI ELVIS NI ELVIS includes 12 of the most commonly used laboratory instruments including an oscilloscope (scope), digital multimeter (DMM), function generator, variable power supply, dynamic signal analyzer (DSA), bode analyzer, 2- and 3-wire current-voltage analyzer, arbitrary waveform generator, digital reader/writer, and impedance analyzer in a single platform. This compact, yet powerful assortment of instruments translates into cost savings for the lab, both in terms of lab space as well as lower-maintenance costs.( http://zone.ni.com/devzone/cda/tut/p/id/7159) Figure 3.1 Following Components were used for this project work:: Figure 3.2 The Function Generator Figure 3.3 Variable Power supplies Figure 3.4 Digital Multimeter Figure 3.5 Oscilloscope Figure 3.6 Complete Circuit Setup with NI ELVIS CHAPTER 4 COMPONENTS SELECTION 4. COMPONENTS SELECTION For NI MULTISIM 4.1 Power supply AC power Figure 4.1 Voltage RMS = 230V Voltage offset= 0V Frequency (f)= 50Hz Time Delay = 0ns 4.2 Step-Down Transformer Transformer Rated available in multisim Library Figure 4.2 Primary Voltage (max) = 350V Primary Current (max) = 5A Secondary Voltage (max) = 15V Secondary Current (max) = 1A Output Power (max) = 5kVA Primary to Secondary Turns Ratio = 20 Leakage Inductance = 1mH Primary Winding Resistance =1Ohm Secondary Winding Resistance = 1Ohm 4.3 Unregulated Rectifier 1J4B42 Single Phase Bridge Rectifier Figure 4.3 Repetitive Peak Reverse Voltage (max) = 600V Average Output Rectified Current = 1 A Junction Temperature = -40 to 150 oC Peak Forward Voltage (max) = 1V 4.4 MOSFET for Switching Application BS170 N-Channel Enhancement Switching Transistor Low On- resistance High Switching Speed Low Capacitances Used for :: Analog and/or Digital Switch Switch Driver Converters/Choppers Figure 4.4 VDS max. = 20V VGS max. = +15/-40 V ID max. = 50 mA RDS (typ) = 25ÃŽ © ton = 1ns toff = 5ns 4.5 High Frequency Isolation Transformer Figure 4.5 4.6 Rectifier with high Frequency Diode IN4148, Fast Switching Diodes Figure 4.6 Repetitive peak reverse voltage = 100V Reverse Voltage = 70V Forward Voltage (max) = 1V Average Forward current = 150 mA Reverse Current (max) = 50 mA Breakdown Voltage (min) = 100V Diode Capacitance (max) = 4 pF Rectification Efficiency (min) = 45% Reverse Recovery Time = 8ns 4.7 Voltage Regulator LM7805CT 3 terminal-1A Positive Voltage regulator Figure 4.7 †¢ Output Current up to 1A †¢ Output Voltage of 5V †¢ Thermal Overload Protection †¢ Short Circuit Protection †¢ Output Transistor Safe Operating Area Protection Line regulation = 4-100mV Load regulation = 9-100 mV Quiescent Current = 5mA Dropout Voltage = 2V Peak current = 2.2 A 4.8 555 Timer Figure 4.8 4.9 LMH6622MA OPAMP Figure 4.9 4.10 LM311N comparator Figure 4.10 CHAPTER 5 TESTING CIRCUITS AND SIMILATION RESULTS 5. TESTING CIRCUITS AND SIMULATION RESULTS 5.1.1 Following Circuit was designed for AC-DC conversion Figure 5.1 5.1.2 Simulation Output of AC-DC conversion Figure 5.2 5.2.1 Circuit for Analysis of MOSFET Switch performance Figure 5.3 5.2.2 Simulation output for MOSFET Switch at 50kHz Figure 5.4 5.3.1 Circuit of Analysis of Voltage regulator combined with Rectifier Figure 5.5 5.3.2 Simulation Output of Voltage Regulator performance Figure 5.6 5.4.1 Open Loop Circuit Without Isolation Transformer Figure 5.7 5.4.2 Simulation Output of Open Loop Circuit Figure 5.8 5.5.1 Feedback Circuit Figure 5.9 5.5.2 Feedback Circuit Simulation Output Figure 5.10 5.6.1 SMPS Circuit Figure 5.11 5.6.2 SMPS Output Figure 5.12 CHAPTER 6 HARDWARE IMPLIMENTATION ON NI ELVIS 6. HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION ON NI ELVIS The SMPS circuit designed in NI MULTSIM was further implemented in hardware using NI ELVIS as the suitable platform for circuit implementation and testing. 6.1 Component Used 6.1.2 Diode 1N4007 bridge Rectifier 6.1.3 BS 170 MOSFET Switch 6.1.4 Radio Transformer Isolation Transformer 6.1.5 Diode 1N4148 High frequency rectifier 6.1.6 555 Timer Square wave Generation 6.1.7 TLO6021 OPAMP Sine wave Generation 6.1.8 LM311 Comparator PWM Switch driver signal 6.1.9 LM 7805CT Voltage Regulator 6.1.1 Step down Transformer 1.6 AMP 12 0 12 configuration Figure 6.1 Figure 6.2 SMPS circuit on NI ELVIS 6.2 Simulation Outputs OPEN LOOP 6.2.1 Stepped Down AC Voltage from Transformer Figure 6.3 Stepped down AC input 6.2.2 Rectified Unregulated DC voltage from (IN4007) Diode Bridge Rectifier Figure 6.4 Rectified Unregulated DC 6.2.3 Output waveform from the Filter capacitor Figure 6.5 Unregulated DC From filter Capacitor 6.2.4 Chopped DC From the MOSFET switch Figure 6.6 Mosfet Chopped DC 6.2.5 Output from High Frequency (40-50 KHz) Transformer taking in chopped DC . This Transformer also Isolates input from output. Figure 6.7 High Frequency Transformer Output 6.2.6 Output from Bridge Rectifier designed from 1N4148 High frequency Diodes. An approximate DC signal Figure 6.8 High frequency Diode Rectifier Output 6.2.7 Final Output of the SMPS An stabilized voltage of 5 V maintained with aid of feedback mechanism and the Voltage Regulator LM7805 Figure 6.9 SMPS Output Feedback Circuit 6.2.8 555 Timer based Square wave generator circuit output 44.4Khz Square wave Signal Figure 6.10 555 Timer Generated Square wave 6.2.9 Sine wave generated from TLO6021 OpAmp based circuit taking as input the square wave generated from 555 Timer based generator circuit. Figure 6.11 Sinewave generated from Opamp TLO6021 6.2.10 The sine wave generated above is compared with the final SMPS Output And a PWM wave is generated to drive the MOSFET switch in a way that the output is regulated back to fixed desired value (5V) if it deviates. Figure 6.12 Feedback PWM Signal CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION CONCLUSION Suitable components were selected and tested for desired performance. Functional verification was performed on combined circuit of the selected components for open loop network both in NI MULTISIM and on NI ELVIS. PWM based feedback network was successfully designed tested and implemented both in NI MULTISIM and in Hardware using NI ELVIS Suite. The Design and implementation of desired SMPS circuit was successfully completed.